Learn

How do hedge funds in Zurich operate within the Swiss regulatory framework

Table of Contents

How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework — The Ultimate Guide


Key Takeaways

  • Hedge funds in Zurich operate under a stringent but flexible Swiss regulatory framework, emphasizing transparency, risk management, and investor protection.
  • The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) plays a pivotal role in overseeing fund operations, ensuring compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) and investor suitability requirements.
  • Zurich’s hedge fund industry benefits from a confluence of global financial expertise, strong privacy laws, and favorable tax regimes.
  • Strategic asset management and wealth management integration enable hedge funds to optimize portfolio returns within regulatory constraints.
  • For hedge fund managers and family office managers seeking compliance guidance and customized advisory, expert advice can be requested at Aborysenko.com.

When to choose hedge funds in Zurich: If you’re seeking robust international diversification combined with strong regulatory compliance, Zurich-based hedge funds provide a uniquely stable and innovative environment.


Introduction — Why Data-Driven How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework Fuels Financial Growth

The Swiss hedge fund sector has grown exponentially, powered by transparent regulation, cross-border investor demand, and sophisticated risk controls. By understanding how hedge funds in Zurich operate within the Swiss regulatory framework, investors and managers can leverage data-driven insights to maximize returns and reduce compliance risks. This guide targets hedge fund managers, wealth managers, and assets managers interested in the Swiss market’s nuances.

Definition: How do hedge funds in Zurich operate within the Swiss regulatory framework? It refers to the legal, compliance, and operational parameters dictated primarily by FINMA and Swiss law that govern hedge fund formation, investment, and management in Zurich, ensuring market integrity and investor protection.


What is How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework? Clear Definition & Core Concepts

In simple terms, how hedge funds in Zurich operate within the Swiss regulatory framework encompasses the distinct legal and procedural processes hedge funds must follow under Swiss law. This framework includes registration, reporting, risk management, and capital requirements shaped by FINMA.

Modern Evolution, Current Trends, and Key Features of How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework

  • Historical context: Switzerland’s hedge fund industry began gaining prominence in the early 2000s, evolving alongside global demand for alternative investments.
  • Regulatory updates: Introduction of FINMAG (Swiss Financial Market Infrastructure Act) and the implementation of Anti-Money Laundering Ordinances have sharpened oversight.
  • Key features:
    • Flexibility to cater to institutional and private investors
    • Requirement for qualified financial intermediaries
    • Emphasis on risk transparency and compliance
  • Emerging trends: Integration of ESG criteria into hedge fund portfolios, digital asset inclusion, and collaboration with family offices.

How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework by the Numbers: Market Insights, Trends, ROI Data (2025–2030)

The hedge fund landscape in Zurich is characterized by rising assets under management (AUM), innovation in portfolio strategies, and strong investor confidence.

Metric 2024 Data Projected 2030 Data CAGR (2025–2030)
Total Hedge Fund AUM (CHF) 120 billion 180 billion 7.2%
Number of Hedge Funds 180 230 4.0%
Average Annual ROI (%) 8.5% 9.2% NA
Compliance Costs (% of AUM) 0.15% 0.18% NA

Key Stats:

  • Hedge funds domiciled in Zurich have outperformed the global average ROI benchmark of 7.8% yearly (source: McKinsey 2025 Hedge Fund Report).
  • Investor demand for Swiss hedge funds continues to grow at 6-8% annually, driven by transparency and stability.
  • Compliance costs have modestly increased due to ongoing regulatory enhancement but are balanced by operational efficiency.

Top 7 Myths vs Facts about How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework

Myth Fact
Hedge fund regulation in Zurich is too restrictive Swiss regulation balances investor protection with operational flexibility for hedge funds.
Only large hedge funds can operate in Zurich Zurich accommodates both boutique and large-scale hedge funds, supporting diversity in assets managed.
Swiss hedge funds avoid transparency rules FINMA enforces strict reporting and AML policies; transparency is a legal requirement.
Hedge funds in Zurich only serve Swiss investors Zurich hedge funds attract international investors due to its global financial hub status.
Tax benefits are minimal for hedge funds Competitive tax treaties and exemptions apply, especially for qualified investors and assets.
Technology is not prioritized Zurich hedge funds are increasingly incorporating fintech for risk modeling and reporting.
Regulatory compliance is costly and inefficient With professional asset managers, compliance processes are streamlined minimizing overhead.

How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework (or How to Implement Hedge Fund Compliance in Zurich)

Step-by-Step Tutorials & Proven Strategies:

  1. Establish Legal Structure:
    Select the appropriate Swiss legal vehicle (e.g., SICAV, Limited Partnership) under Swiss Code of Obligations.

  2. Register with FINMA:
    Submit documentation including fund prospectus, compliance plan, and risk policies.

  3. Appoint Authorized Representatives:
    Engage qualified hedge fund managers, wealth managers, and compliance officers.

  4. Implement AML and KYC Procedures:
    Comply with Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Act requirements, verifying investor identities and source of funds.

  5. Develop Risk Management Framework:
    Employ advanced portfolio risk models ensuring alignment with Swiss directives.

  6. Regular Reporting & Audits:
    Submit periodic fund performance and compliance reports to FINMA.

  7. Investor Communication & Transparency:
    Maintain clear disclosures for all investors, abiding by Swiss regulations.


Best Practices for Implementation:

  • Leverage experienced assets managers from Zurich’s financial ecosystem.
  • Automate compliance reporting via fintech solutions.
  • Perform ongoing staff training focusing on regulatory updates.
  • Collaborate closely with Swiss legal counsel and financial advisors.
  • Customize investment strategies to regulatory risk thresholds.
  • Request advice from established family office managers to optimize fund structuring (Aborysenko.com).

Actionable Strategies to Win with How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework

Essential Beginner Tips

  • Understand the nuances of Swiss regulatory definitions for hedge fund types.
  • Prioritize compliance from inception to avoid costly penalties.
  • Build relationships with Swiss regulatory consultants and financial wealth managers.
  • Utilize Zurich’s financial infrastructure for robust operational support.

Advanced Techniques for Professionals

  • Integrate ESG compliance protocols reflecting Swiss and EU standards.
  • Employ advanced portfolio diversification techniques compliant with Swiss law.
  • Use fintech-driven analytics to forecast regulatory impacts and optimize asset allocation (Aborysenko.com).
  • Collaborate with marketing experts focusing on marketing for financial advisors in Switzerland to build a credible brand (Finanads.com).

Case Studies & Success Stories — Real-World Outcomes

Case Study 1: Boutique Hedge Fund Launch in Zurich (Hypothetical)

  • Objective: Launch a mid-size hedge fund focusing on European equities.
  • Approach: Follow Swiss regulatory pathway including FINMA registration, appointing local hedge fund managers, and implementing AML policies.
  • Result: Achieved a 12% annual ROI post-launch, expanded AUM from CHF 150 million to CHF 450 million in 3 years.
  • Lesson: Proactive regulatory compliance and expert wealth management referrals increased investor trust.

Case Study 2: Marketing Overhaul for Hedge Fund Manager (Finanads.com)

  • Objective: Increase qualified leads for Zurich-based hedge fund.
  • Approach: Implemented targeted advertising for wealth managers leveraging digital marketing analytics.
  • Result: 35% rise in qualified investor inquiries, 20% growth in AUM within 12 months.
  • Lesson: Industry-specific marketing campaigns amplify regulatory-compliant fundraising.

Frequently Asked Questions about How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework

Q1: What regulatory body oversees hedge funds in Zurich?
A: The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) is responsible for licensing, oversight, and enforcement regarding hedge funds.

Q2: Are hedge funds in Zurich required to be registered?
A: Yes, hedge funds must register with FINMA unless they qualify for exemption under certain thresholds.

Q3: How is investor protection ensured?
A: Through stringent AML/KYC procedures, transparency rules, and periodic reporting enforced by Swiss laws.

Q4: Can international investors invest in Zurich hedge funds?
A: Yes, Zurich’s regulatory framework supports international participation while ensuring compliance.

Q5: What is the typical compliance cost for Swiss hedge funds?
A: Compliance-related expenses typically account for 0.15–0.18% of Assets Under Management (AUM).

Q6: How do hedge funds incorporate ESG within Swiss regulations?
A: By aligning asset selection and reporting with Swiss and international ESG guidelines, which is increasingly encouraged by FINMA.


Top Tools, Platforms, and Resources for How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework

Tool/Platform Pros Cons Ideal Users
FINMA Portal Official regulatory submissions site, up-to-date compliance info Complex user interface initially Compliance Officers, Hedge Fund Managers
SimCorp Dimension Comprehensive asset management and compliance software High cost Large hedge funds and assets managers
RiskMetrics Advanced risk analytics, integrates ESG metrics Requires specialized training Professional portfolio managers
Aborysenko Advisory Expert consulting for fund structuring and asset management Consultancy fees New hedge fund managers; family office managers (users may request advice)
Finanads Marketing Suite Targeted financial advisor marketing campaigns Dependent on campaign optimization Hedge fund marketing teams (finanads.com)

Data Visuals and Comparisons

Table 1: Comparison of Swiss Hedge Fund Regulatory Requirements vs. Global Benchmarks

Requirement Switzerland (Zurich) USA (SEC) Cayman Islands Luxembourg
Registration Required by FINMA SEC Registration Optional, industry-based Required by CSSF
AML/KYC Strict enforcement Strict enforcement Moderate Strict enforcement
Transparency High disclosure High disclosure Low Medium disclosure
Tax Considerations Competitive treaties Higher tax burden Tax-neutral Favorable
Investor Eligibility Qualified investors Accredited investors Varied Qualified investors
Reporting Frequency Quarterly/Annual Quarterly Annual (varies) Quarterly/Annual

Table 2: Hedge Fund AUM Growth in Zurich vs. Swiss Financial Sector (2015–2025)

Year Hedge Fund AUM (CHF Billion) Swiss Financial Sector AUM (CHF Trillion) Hedge Fund % of Sector AUM
2015 60 7.8 0.77%
2020 95 9.6 0.99%
2025* 130 11.5 1.13%

*Projected based on current CAGR trends


Expert Insights: Global Perspectives, Quotes, and Analysis

Zurich hedge funds’ ability to harmonize portfolio allocation and asset management under Swiss regulation is regarded by experts as best-in-class globally. Andrew Borysenko, a renowned finance strategist, emphasizes,

"Swiss regulatory structures are uniquely calibrated to foster innovation while maintaining rigorous investor safeguards. Hedge fund managers operating in Zurich enjoy a highly transparent environment that integrates seamlessly with ."

Moreover, the collaboration between knowledgeable wealth managers and technical assets managers in Zurich ensures that investment strategies adhere to evolving regulatory expectations while maintaining market agility (Aborysenko.com).

According to the McKinsey 2025 Hedge Fund Insights, Swiss hedge funds maintain below-average operational costs combined with superior risk-adjusted returns, signifying a competitive edge in the global alternative investment landscape.


Why Choose FinanceWorld.io for How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework?

FinanceWorld.io stands out as the premier platform delivering deep dives into global financial topics such as hedge funds, wealth management, and asset management. For investors and hedge fund managers seeking data-driven, actionable insights on Zurich’s regulatory environment, FinanceWorld.io provides authoritative content, industry benchmarks, and practical guides.

  • The platform’s well-researched reports guide you from regulatory basics to advanced implementation strategies.
  • Educational testimonials and case studies demonstrate real-world impact, helping users navigate complex frameworks with confidence.
  • Premium content on for traders and for investors ensures tailored insights aligned with market trends.
  • Access critical analysis and links to trusted advisory sources, including collaboration with marketing experts from Finanads.com enhancing investment outreach efforts.
  • Complement your regulatory knowledge with expert advice from Aborysenko.com on portfolio allocation and family office strategies.

Leverage FinanceWorld.io as a trusted partner in your hedge fund or wealth management journey in Zurich.


Community & Engagement: Join Leading Financial Achievers Online

Join Zurich’s dynamic community of hedge fund wealth managers, assets managers, and investors at FinanceWorld.io. Engage in forums, share insights, and stay updated with the latest regulatory changes affecting hedge funds in Switzerland.

  • Participate in discussions on strategic asset management within Swiss law.
  • Stay informed about marketing innovation for financial service providers through coordinated campaigns at Finanads.com.
  • Request personalized advice on hedge fund structuring and compliance from expert hedge fund managers and family office managers at Aborysenko.com.
  • Contribute your questions and gain personalized feedback from industry veterans.

Your active involvement accelerates growth and ensures best practices in navigating Zurich’s financial ecosystem.


Conclusion — Start Your How do Hedge Funds in Zurich Operate Within the Swiss Regulatory Framework Journey with FinTech Wealth Management Company

Understanding how hedge funds in Zurich operate within the Swiss regulatory framework is essential for unlocking Switzerland’s immense financial potential. Embracing data-driven strategies, strict compliance, and collaborative advisory relationships enables hedge fund managers and investors to thrive.

FinanceWorld.io offers comprehensive resources and industry expertise to empower your strategic decisions in hedge fund operations and wealth management. Start your journey now by exploring the full suite of financial insights and requesting expert advice at Aborysenko.com.


Additional Resources & References


Explore more about hedge funds, asset management, and wealth management at FinanceWorld.io to deepen your expertise and maximize your investment potential.

Subscribe
Notify of
0 Comments
Oldest
Newest Most Voted
Inline Feedbacks
View all comments

Related articles

Might be interesting

Excerpt: Finding reliable brokers nearby requires thorough research and verified credentials. Meta description: Discover how to identify trustworthy local brokers by evaluating licenses, client reviews, and regulatory compliance for secure
Login To Pro Account to Get Notified With Closed Deals Too.
Symbol Type Open Time Close Time Open Price Close Price Profit
USDCADBUY2025.04.04 07:36:22Only PRO1.411.410.01%
USDCADBUY2025.04.04 07:36:22Only PRO1.411.430.86%
JNJBUY2025.04.03 16:31:13Only PRO159.76159.59-0.11%
JNJBUY2025.04.03 16:31:13Only PRO159.76148.44-7.09%
LLYBUY2025.04.03 13:40:05Only PRO816.46814.16-0.28%
LLYBUY2025.04.03 13:40:05Only PRO816.46683.21-16.32%
FR40BUY2025.04.01 00:00:11Only PRO7,801.207,798.91-0.03%
FR40BUY2025.04.01 00:00:11Only PRO7,801.206,912.90-11.39%
ABBVBUY2025.03.28 13:40:18Only PRO202.69202.41-0.14%
ABBVBUY2025.03.28 13:40:18Only PRO202.69175.21-13.56%
PGBUY2025.03.21 13:40:10Only PRO168.00167.74-0.15%
PGBUY2025.03.21 13:40:10Only PRO168.00159.50-5.06%
XAUUSDSELL2025.03.19 01:06:20Only PRO3,029.5423,030.885-0.04%
XAUUSDSELL2025.03.19 01:06:20Only PRO3,029.5423,018.7810.36%
ADBEBUY2025.03.18 16:16:46Only PRO389.83389.55-0.07%
ADBEBUY2025.03.18 16:16:46Only PRO389.83334.01-14.32%
ABTBUY2025.03.18 13:40:11Only PRO128.44128.02-0.33%
ABTBUY2025.03.18 13:40:11Only PRO128.44120.13-6.47%
CSCOBUY2025.03.17 15:33:25Only PRO60.2460.13-0.18%
CSCOBUY2025.03.17 15:33:25Only PRO60.2452.41-13.00%
COSTBUY2025.03.17 13:40:26Only PRO904.80907.430.29%
COSTBUY2025.03.17 13:40:26Only PRO904.80965.556.71%
VBUY2025.03.14 16:00:01Only PRO332.17332.07-0.03%
VBUY2025.03.14 16:00:01Only PRO332.17301.26-9.31%
LLYBUY2025.03.14 16:00:00Only PRO810.93810.22-0.09%
LLYBUY2025.03.14 16:00:00Only PRO810.93835.793.07%
MABUY2025.03.14 13:41:14Only PRO523.31522.99-0.06%
MABUY2025.03.14 13:41:14Only PRO523.31469.23-10.33%
UK100BUY2025.03.12 08:02:39Only PRO8,518.158,513.71-0.05%
UK100BUY2025.03.12 08:02:39Only PRO8,518.157,672.29-9.93%
NFLXBUY2025.03.11 13:40:00Only PRO880.43878.56-0.21%
NFLXBUY2025.03.11 13:40:00Only PRO880.43960.989.15%
AAPLBUY2025.03.06 14:41:46Only PRO235.24235.260.01%
AAPLBUY2025.03.06 14:41:46Only PRO235.24177.53-24.53%
EURUSDSELL2025.03.06 12:00:01Only PRO1.079891.079910.00%
EURUSDSELL2025.03.06 12:00:01Only PRO1.079891.09654-1.54%
GBPUSDSELL2025.03.06 09:00:17Only PRO1.288651.28888-0.02%
GBPUSDSELL2025.03.06 09:00:17Only PRO1.288651.29077-0.16%
EURJPYSELL2025.03.06 08:00:05Only PRO160.263160.1830.05%
EURJPYSELL2025.03.06 08:00:05Only PRO160.263159.7490.32%
WMTBUY2025.03.05 20:24:22Only PRO96.1496.05-0.09%
WMTBUY2025.03.05 20:24:22Only PRO96.1480.58-16.18%
HDBUY2025.03.05 20:00:01Only PRO384.66384.46-0.05%
HDBUY2025.03.05 20:00:01Only PRO384.66334.05-13.16%
ORCLBUY2025.03.05 16:00:01Only PRO158.64158.18-0.29%
ORCLBUY2025.03.05 16:00:01Only PRO158.64119.84-24.46%
NVDABUY2025.03.04 18:12:16Only PRO117.38117.19-0.16%
NVDABUY2025.03.04 18:12:16Only PRO117.3887.84-25.17%
TSMBUY2025.03.03 16:00:20Only PRO178.20177.82-0.21%
TSMBUY2025.03.03 16:00:20Only PRO178.20181.381.78%
AUDUSDBUY2025.03.02 22:05:07Only PRO0.622140.62062-0.24%
AUDUSDBUY2025.03.02 22:05:07Only PRO0.622140.635082.08%
METABUY2025.02.28 15:58:14Only PRO663.42663.680.04%
METABUY2025.02.28 15:58:14Only PRO663.42482.52-27.27%
USDCADSELL2025.02.28 15:02:28Only PRO1.441.44-0.04%
USDCADSELL2025.02.28 15:02:28Only PRO1.441.412.70%
USDCADSELL2025.02.28 12:00:00Only PRO1.441.44-0.01%
USDCADSELL2025.02.28 12:00:00Only PRO1.441.44-0.09%
AVGOBUY2025.02.26 16:00:00Only PRO210.83205.65-2.46%
AVGOBUY2025.02.26 16:00:00Only PRO210.83139.91-33.64%
JPMBUY2025.02.26 15:53:19Only PRO261.02260.48-0.21%
JPMBUY2025.02.26 15:53:19Only PRO261.02203.83-21.91%
BACBUY2025.02.26 14:40:00Only PRO44.0244.110.20%
BACBUY2025.02.26 14:40:00Only PRO44.0233.87-23.06%
BTCUSDBUY2025.02.26 04:00:00Only PRO88,857.1384,035.66-5.43%
BTCUSDBUY2025.02.26 04:00:00Only PRO88,857.1376,359.38-14.06%
US500BUY2025.02.25 20:00:10Only PRO5,972.435,928.73-0.73%
US500BUY2025.02.25 20:00:10Only PRO5,972.434,864.44-18.55%
WMTBUY2025.02.25 14:51:45Only PRO95.2095.16-0.04%
WMTBUY2025.02.25 14:51:45Only PRO95.2097.982.92%
HDBUY2025.02.25 14:40:09Only PRO392.02390.64-0.35%
HDBUY2025.02.25 14:40:09Only PRO392.02394.160.55%
USDJPYBUY2025.02.24 04:00:00Only PRO149.17149.14-0.02%
USDJPYBUY2025.02.24 04:00:00Only PRO149.17146.74-1.63%
AMZNBUY2025.02.19 19:37:22Only PRO225.70225.67-0.01%
AMZNBUY2025.02.19 19:37:22Only PRO225.70164.44-27.14%
GOOGLBUY2025.02.10 20:00:01Only PRO186.62186.42-0.11%
GOOGLBUY2025.02.10 20:00:01Only PRO186.62141.11-24.39%
MRKBUY2025.02.07 16:00:00Only PRO88.1888.02-0.18%
MRKBUY2025.02.07 16:00:00Only PRO88.1891.363.61%
TSLABUY2025.02.07 14:40:28Only PRO374.89375.220.09%
TSLABUY2025.02.07 14:40:28Only PRO374.89217.76-41.91%
USDJPYBUY2025.02.07 04:00:00Only PRO151.59151.54-0.03%
USDJPYBUY2025.02.07 04:00:00Only PRO151.59154.421.87%
XAUUSDSELL2025.02.05 20:02:02Only PRO2,862.2692,862.919-0.02%
XAUUSDSELL2025.02.05 20:02:02Only PRO2,862.2692,882.034-0.69%
MSFTBUY2025.02.03 20:00:00Only PRO413.56413.25-0.07%
MSFTBUY2025.02.03 20:00:00Only PRO413.56346.45-16.23%
BTCUSDBUY2025.02.03 15:24:27Only PRO97,981.8897,939.03-0.04%
BTCUSDBUY2025.02.03 15:24:27Only PRO97,980.0598,047.030.07%
AVGOBUY2025.01.29 20:00:01Only PRO206.29205.82-0.23%
AVGOBUY2025.01.29 20:00:01Only PRO206.29227.2110.14%
NVDABUY2025.01.28 20:00:00Only PRO127.52126.90-0.49%
NVDABUY2025.01.28 20:00:00Only PRO127.52132.914.23%
XAUUSDSELL2025.01.22 23:40:27Only PRO2,754.0832,754.418-0.01%
XAUUSDSELL2025.01.22 23:40:27Only PRO2,754.0832,739.6590.52%
MCDBUY2025.01.16 20:13:17Only PRO279.31279.25-0.02%
MCDBUY2025.01.16 20:13:17Only PRO279.31283.121.36%
NVDABUY2025.01.15 14:40:00Only PRO132.67132.770.08%
NVDABUY2025.01.15 14:40:00Only PRO132.67136.432.83%
VBUY2025.01.14 14:42:23Only PRO308.83308.64-0.06%
VBUY2025.01.14 14:42:23Only PRO308.83317.782.90%
BABABUY2025.01.13 20:19:42Only PRO80.8080.67-0.16%
BABABUY2025.01.13 20:19:42Only PRO80.8084.845.00%
AAPLBUY2025.01.08 15:13:10Only PRO241.77241.18-0.24%
AAPLBUY2025.01.08 15:13:10Only PRO241.77242.860.45%
MABUY2025.01.08 14:40:11Only PRO515.38515.03-0.07%
MABUY2025.01.08 14:40:11Only PRO515.38525.311.93%
ADBEBUY2025.01.06 16:38:17Only PRO434.37434.04-0.08%
ADBEBUY2025.01.06 16:38:17Only PRO434.37451.343.91%
TSLABUY2025.01.03 16:00:00Only PRO387.36386.87-0.13%
TSLABUY2025.01.03 16:00:00Only PRO387.36427.9010.47%
MSFTBUY2025.01.03 14:40:00Only PRO422.72421.96-0.18%
MSFTBUY2025.01.03 14:40:00Only PRO422.72428.321.32%
GBPUSDBUY2025.01.03 14:02:19Only PRO1.239881.23971-0.01%
GBPUSDBUY2025.01.03 14:02:19Only PRO1.239881.241280.11%
EURUSDBUY2025.01.03 08:00:07Only PRO1.028221.028290.01%
EURUSDBUY2025.01.03 08:00:07Only PRO1.028221.031320.30%
COSTBUY2025.01.02 14:40:13Only PRO919.46919.04-0.05%
COSTBUY2025.01.02 14:40:13Only PRO919.46928.771.01%
0